Wat (wie) is JOHNNIAC Open Shop System - definitie
![[[Fiddleford Manor]] in Dorset, England, a manor house built about 1370. The part of the house in the background was added in the 16th century.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fiddleford Manor House (2) - geograph.org.uk - 1290574.jpg?width=200 "[[Fiddleford Manor]] in Dorset, England, a manor house built about 1370. The part of the house in the background was added in the 16th century.")
![The method of ploughing the fields created a distinctive [[ridge and furrow]] pattern in open-field agriculture. The outlines of the medieval strips of cultivation, called selions, are still clearly visible in these now enclosed fields.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Medieval Ridge and Furrow above Wood Stanway - geograph.org.uk - 640050.jpg?width=200 "The method of ploughing the fields created a distinctive [[ridge and furrow]] pattern in open-field agriculture. The outlines of the medieval strips of cultivation, called selions, are still clearly visible in these now enclosed fields.")
![mouldboard plough]] to cut through the heavy soils. A team could plough about one acre (0.4 ha) per day.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Medievalplowingwoodcut.jpg?width=200 "mouldboard plough]] to cut through the heavy soils. A team could plough about one acre (0.4 ha) per day.")
![Strip field at [[Forrabury]], Cornwall<ref>Whilst the stitches (strips) to the west of track across the open field were arable at the time of this visit (early May 2009), on the east side they are covered in grass. This illustrates the system whereby the stitches were cultivated by their owners during the Summer, but grazed in common during the winter. This grazing adds manure to the soil to keep it fertile.</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Strip field at Forraby - geograph.org.uk - 1324926.jpg?width=200 "Strip field at [[Forrabury]], Cornwall<ref>Whilst the stitches (strips) to the west of track across the open field were arable at the time of this visit (early May 2009), on the east side they are covered in grass. This illustrates the system whereby the stitches were cultivated by their owners during the Summer, but grazed in common during the winter. This grazing adds manure to the soil to keep it fertile.</ref>")
Wikipedia
JOSS (acronym for JOHNNIAC Open Shop System) was one of the first interactive, time-sharing programming languages. It pioneered many features that would become common in languages from the 1960s into the 1980s, including use of line numbers as both editing instructions and targets for branches, statements predicated by boolean decisions, and a built-in source-code editor that can perform instructions in direct or immediate mode, what they termed a conversational user interface.
JOSS was initially implemented on the JOHNNIAC machine at RAND Corporation and put online in 1963. It proved very popular, and the users quickly bogged the machine down. By 1964, a replacement was sought with higher performance. JOHNNIAC was retired in 1966 and replaced by a PDP-6, which ultimately grew to support hundreds of computer terminals based on the IBM Selectric. The terminals used green ink for user input and black for the computer's response. Any command that was not understood elicited the response Eh? or SORRY.
The system was highly influential, spawning a variety of ports and offshoots. Some remained similar to the original, like TELCOMP and STRINGCOMP, CAL, CITRAN, ISIS, PIL/I, JEAN (ICT 1900 series), Algebraic Interpretive Dialogue (AID, on PDP-10); while others, such as FOCAL and MUMPS, developed in distinctive directions. It also bears a strong resemblance to the BASIC interpreters found on microcomputers in the 1980s, differing mainly in syntax details.
